Whittington, K. B.,Owen-Smith, J.,Powell, W. W.
Industrial districts and regional clusters depend on the networks that arise from reciprocal linkages among co-located organizations, while physical proximity among firms can alter the nature of information and resource flows through networks. We consider the joint effects of geographic propinquity and network position on organizational innovation using negative binomial count models of patenting activity for U.S.-based life science fi rms in industrial districts and regional clusters across a 12-year time period, 1988–1999. We find evidence that regional agglomeration and network centrality exert complementary, but contingent, infl uences on organizational innovation. Results show that in the high-velocity, research-intensive field of biotechnology, geographic and network positions have both independent and contingent effects on organizational innovation. The influence of centrality in local, physically co-located partner networks depends on the extent to which fi rms are also embedded in a global network comprising physically distant partners. Such global centrality, however, alters how proximity to two important classes of organization—other biotechnology fi rms and public sector research organizations, such as universities, research institutes, and teaching hospitals—infl uences innovation. Regional agglomeration shapes the character of information and resource fl ows through networks, while much of what makes industrial clusters region-like involves the structure of their internal networks. We conclude that network effects persist both independently and interdependently with geographic variables, and regional characteristics infl uence the degree to which centrality enhances innovation.